Social psychology baron 13th edition pdf

Afterwards, the researcher measures the general mood of the participants. First, she administers an attitude survey that covers a number of topics, including electronic voting machines.

She then randomly assigns subjects to write an essay either supporting or opposing electronic voting machines. One week later, she administers the same attitude survey and compares those responses to the responses from the first time the survey was administered. She then randomly assigns subjects to write an essay either supporting or opposing the use of electronic voting machines.

A each participant will experience all experimental conditions at different times B experimental conditions will be the same for all research participants C participant characteristics will have an effect on the outcomes of the experiment D each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each experimental condition E a confounding of variables cannot occur Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Page Ref: 25 Type: Conceptual.

A each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each experimental condition B a factor that is not systematically varied exists and may have an effect on an experiment's outcomes C an experiment includes too many factors for the researcher to control in a laboratory D each participant will experience all experimental conditions at different times E participants are randomly assigned to experimental conditions Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page Ref: 26 Type: Factual.

A reliability D hypothesis vs. A provide practical applications for observed data B generate statistical analyses for further exploration C explain some particular group of events or processes D unify all the known factors that contribute to human behavior E produce evidence in support of a hypothesis Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page Ref: 26 — 28 Type: Factual.

A replacing the theory with a different one B modifying the theory and collecting additional data C modifying the results to be consistent with the theory D shifting to a different paradigm E contesting any critical reviews of the theory Answer: B Difficulty: 1 Page Ref: 27 Type: Conceptual.

A encourage the minority slowness effect B eliminate the need for informed consent before an experiment C avoid the need to explain the purpose of the research in detail to participants D prevent the purpose of the research from having an effect on participants' behavior E discourage skepticism on the part of research participants Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Page Ref: 28 Type: Conceptual.

A the participants would otherwise not agree to participate in the study B knowledge of the study's purpose may alter the behavior of the participants C approval from the researcher's review board has been granted D social behavior and thought is the subject of the experiment E the deception will not harm the participants in any way Answer: B Difficulty: 2 Page Ref: 28 — 29 Type: Factual.

A possible; because research can always be made to have mild effects B possible; and most research could still be easily done C impossible; because psychologists are often uncaring about participant well-being D impossible; because research occasionally involves some mild distress for participants E possible; because the context of the university setting generally enables the research to be done at another university where conditions are more amenable Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page Ref: 28 - 29 Type: Factual.

A participants become too trustful of researchers in the future B the research may be flawed because deception leads participants to react unnaturally in research settings C participants may learn that deception is acceptable and appropriate behavior in other situations and settings D participants may resent being deceived E researchers may come to view deception as a reasonable and necessary approach to obtaining informed consent Answer: D Difficulty: 2 Page Ref: 28 — 29 Type: Factual.

A providing thorough debriefing B avoiding deception in research C meeting ethical guidelines D obtaining informed consent E sustaining information overload Answer: D Difficulty: 1 Page Ref: 28 — 29 Type: Factual. A negatively B with resentment over having been fooled C angrily D without surprise, since the deceptions were very transparent E without negative feelings Answer: E Difficulty: 1 Page Ref: 29 Type: Factual.

A Does the time of day influence our appetite for chocolate? B How does failing at a certain task affect our self-image? C How likely are we to help a stranger when we are alone? D How effective are political ads in terms of influencing voters? E How do individuals cope when their spouse dies? Briefly describe four of the core values shared by scientists.

Answer: Accuracy — a commitment to gathering and evaluating information as precisely as possible Objectivity — a commitment to avoiding bias in obtaining and evaluating information Skepticism — a commitment to accept findings as accurate only to the extent that they have been verified Open-mindedness — a commitment to changing one's views as needed in light of new factual information Difficulty: 1 Page Ref: 6 Type: Factual.

Answer: The Internet, cell phones, and computers are continually changing the ways in which people engage in social behavior, from how frequently we communicate and in what medium, but also with whom we are able to communicate. Online dating and social networking has changed how people meet, but perhaps the basic findings regarding attraction will hold even if the medium has shifted. The answer might also discuss how increased multicultural exposure might lead more media-exposed cultures to influence cultures who are less frequently presented or exposed to media.

Difficulty: 2 Page Ref: 11 Type: Conceptual. Answer: Variation — individual members of a species vary from each other in a variety of different ways. Inheritance — some of these variations are genetically determined or influenced and can be transmitted from one generation to another. Selection — some variations provide individuals with an advantage in terms of reproduction and, over long periods of time, will become increasingly common in a species. Difficulty: 1 Page Ref: 9 — 10 Type: Factual.

Answer: The multicultural perspective recognizes the potential effect that various social and cultural dimensions, such as age, race, gender, socioeconomic status, and others, may have on behavior. These factors may directly or indirectly influence the self identity, which has a direct effect on social behaviors. Difficulty: 2 Page Ref: 18 Type: Conceptual. Answer: Systematic observation involves carefully observing and measuring behavior as it occurs.

Systematic observation may take place in any setting. One goal of systematic observation is to obtain an accurate measure of behavior. Naturalistic observation involves the application of systematic observation to natural settings such as playgrounds, parks, malls, private homes, etc.

One goal of naturalistic observation is for the researcher to remain as unobtrusive as possible so as to not influence the behavior he or she is observing. Difficulty: 2 Page Ref: 20 Type: Factual. Answer: First, the survey participants must be representative of the larger population of interest.

To the extent that the people responding to a survey are not representative of the larger population, the results of the survey will be in error. Second, slight differences in the wording of questions on the survey can change the way people respond to the questions. This can make interpretation of the survey results difficult. Difficulty: 1 Page Ref: 20 - 21 Type: Factual. Answer: A correlation is a statistical indication of how strongly two variables are related.

A correlation between two variables can range from A correlation of 0 indicates that there is no relationship between two variables, while a correlation closer to More specifically, a positive correlation greater than 0 indicates that, as values for one variable increase, so do values for the other variable. A negative correlation less than 0 indicates that as values for one variable increase values for the other variable decrease.

So, for example, attractiveness is positively correlated with dating activity as attractiveness levels increase, people tend to date more , while football-team errors are negatively correlated with winning as numbers of errors interceptions, fumbled tackles increase, the ratio of wins to losses decreases. Although extremely useful for making predictions, correlations by themselves cannot be used as indicators of causality although it is tempting to make a causal connection between mistakes on the football field and losing football games!

Difficulty: 2 Page Ref: 21 — 23 Type: Conceptual. Answer: In essence, experimentation involves systematically changing one or more independent variables in order to determine whether changes to the independent variables directly cause changes to occur in one or more dependent variables.

So, the most important aspect of an experiment is that an independent variable is consistently changed or manipulated in some way, while a dependent variable is systematically measured. It is important to remember that all participants in the experiment must be randomly assigned to experimental conditions. That is, each subject must have the same chance of being assigned to any of the experimental conditions as any other subject does. Difficulty: 2 Page Ref: 25 Type: Factual.

Answer: Informed consent exists when participants are given as much information as possible about the procedures to be followed in an experiment before they agree to participate. Difficulty: 1 Page Ref: 29 Type: Conceptual. Answer: Although some details may be left out and the purpose of the experiment may be concealed in some situations, informed consent is used to give participants as much information as possible about the experimental procedures to be followed during an experiment.

After the experiment is concluded, debriefing is used to explain any aspects of the experiment that were omitted during the informed consent phase, the purpose of the experiment, and the reasons for any deceptions. The combination of informed consent and debriefing serves to provide safeguards for research participants and to mitigate any negative effects of deception during the procedure.

Difficulty: 2 Page Ref: 28 — 30 Type: Conceptual. Explain what is meant by the term "science" as it relates to social psychology. Answer: The answer should include discussion of the set of core values discussed in the text as well as some discussion of methods.

Values include: 1 a commitment to accuracy, 2 striving for objectivity, 3 skepticism, and 4 open-mindedness or willingness to change one's views to reflect current knowledge. Methods include: 1 formal experimentation, 2 systematic observation, and 3 correlational techniques. Difficulty: 3 Page Ref: 5 — 6, 19 — 25 Type: Conceptual. Discuss some of the major causes of social behavior as we understand them today.

Give an example of each. What tools are used? Describe briefly the research involving neural responses to different social objects. What might be a shortcoming of this promising research?

Such research allows scientists to avoid the pitfalls of self-report. Scientists have found that we rate social objects on two dimensions, warmth and competence, with such response being either high or low. Such research is providing a neural basis for prejudice. When a social object is classified as low-low, participants do not even register thinking about these people as human.

A downside of neuroscience is that it is often difficult to interpret what the results mean; thus more traditional research will always have a place. Difficulty: 3 Page Ref: 15 — 17 Type: Conceptual. Answer: Answers should include the following points: 1 The demographic make-up of the United States and of other countries has changed substantially over the past few decades.

In your discussion, include an explanation of why correlational research is sometimes preferred over experimental research. Then, explain what the value of a correlation means. Answer: Answers should include the following points: 1 an advantage of correlational research is that some research questions cannot or should not be addressed by experimental methods for practical or ethical reasons 2 correlational research identifies relationships or associations between variables but cannot be used to infer causal relationships 3 correlations can be useful for making predictions about one variable based on what is known about a different variable 4 correlations can range from - 1.

In your discussion of the proposed experiment, clearly identify the hypothesis and the rationale behind the hypothesis, the independent variable s , the dependent variable s , and the way in which participants will be assigned to experimental groups.

Answer: Answers may vary widely but should contain some discussion of: 1 a clearly identifiable hypothesis and the rationale behind it, 2 independent variable that will be manipulated or changed in some way by the experimenter, 3 dependent variable that will be measured in some way by the experimenter, 4 random assignment to experimental conditions and the reasons for random assignment.

Difficulty: 3 Page Ref: 23 — 25 Type: Applied. Answer: Answers should address the following points: 1 a theory consists of basic concepts and the relationships between basic concepts; 2 it provides a framework to help organize and explain observations; 3 it points to possible additional relationships that can be stated as testable hypotheses predictions ; 4 tests of the hypotheses will either provide additional support for the theory or indicate that the theory needs to be modified or possibly discarded ; 5 a theory can never be proven to be correct because it can always be tested further; 6 a theory can be shown to be incorrect — this is a basic hallmark of scientific methods.

Difficulty: 3 Page Ref: 26 — 28 Type: Conceptual. Include a discussion of the pros and cons related to the use of deception in psychological research and how this relates to informed consent. Answer: Answers should address the following points: 1 Informed consent is the practice of providing research participants as much information as possible about the procedures to be used in an experiment before the potential subjects decide whether or not to participate.

Ideally, complete disclosure of the experimental procedures and expected results are given. Difficulty: 3 Page Ref: 28 — 30 Type: Conceptual. This activity offered you a chance to guess how long you would have taken to complete an anagram after being shown the completed anagram. Once you were not given the answer, your time to complete probably took longer. Please write about hindsight bias.

What is it and how would it affect estimates of how long it will take you to do something? In what way would hindsight bias impact how you felt about the outcomes of scientific research?

How might this bias hurt you in your studying for a social psychology exam? Answer: Hindsight bias is the tendency of people to believe they "knew it all along" after learning the outcome of some past event.

In the anagram simulation, being able to see an answer makes you believe that that answer was inevitable. Thus you give low estimates for the amount of time it should take you to solve future anagrams. In scientific research, sometimes people will say that the results of an experiment were predictable by common sense, that the outcome was obvious. That is an effect of hindsight bias. In studying for social psychology, people tend to believe that social psychology is "just common sense," and so obvious that questions on an exam will surely be easy--making studying more difficult.

Difficulty: 2 Type: Applied. Open navigation menu. Close suggestions Search Search. User Settings. Skip carousel. Carousel Previous. Carousel Next. What is Scribd? Explore Ebooks. Bestsellers Editors' Picks All Ebooks. Explore Audiobooks. Bestsellers Editors' Picks All audiobooks. Explore Magazines. Editors' Picks All magazines. Explore Podcasts All podcasts. Difficulty Beginner Intermediate Advanced. Explore Documents.

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Download now. For Later. Related titles. Carousel Previous Carousel Next. Jump to Page. Search inside document. A the processes society uses to direct and control the behavior of individuals B how groups define and shape society C the behavior and thoughts of individuals D the actions of small groups of individuals E the effects that society may have on group behavior Answer: C Difficulty: 1 Page Ref: 7 - 8 Type: Factual 6 Why take a scientific approach?

A a tendency for individuals to believe that projects will take less time than they actually do B a bias that some people have in planning for worst-case scenarios C a tendency to rely on our memories of previous similar activities when planning future projects D the mistaken belief that one can completely plan for social encounters E a technique used by some social psychologists when studying group interactions Answer: A Difficulty: 1 Page Ref: 7 Type: Factual 10 Based on his estimate of how long it would take him to complete his mid-term essay, Armando told his instructor he would turn in the paper on Tuesday, but was late turning it in, causing his instructor to deduct a letter grade from the paper.

A behavior; thought D emotion; addiction B behavior; planning E thought; judgment C emotion; cognition Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page Ref: 8 Type: Conceptual 12 Which of the following categories is NOT one of the five categories mentioned in your text regarding factors affecting social interaction? A social processes D historical processes B cultural processes E cognitive processes C interpersonal processes Answer: E Difficulty: 2 Page Ref: 9 Type: Factual 14 LaShawna meets another girl at a party who is not from LaShawna's ethnic group, and whom LaShawna judges, based on her stereotype of that group, is probably shallow and a gossip.

A cognitive process D biological factor B environmental variable E personality trait C cultural context Answer: A Difficulty: 2 Page Ref: 9 Type: Conceptual 16 People tend to become more irritable and aggressive when the weather is hot and humid. The Solution Manuals are so useful because the answers are typically broken right down to its origins making the answers easy to use and very easy to comprehend. The integration of application into the main body chapters helps students see the connection between theory and real world experiences.

This classic text retains the hallmark of its own past success: up-to-date coverage of the quickly evolving subject matter written in a lively manner that has been embraced by hundreds of thousands of students around the world. This book continues to balance its coverage of fundamentals with current research. Note: MyPsychLab does not come automatically packaged with this text. To purchase MyPsychLab, please visit: www. Unlimited access to the largest selection of audiobooks and textbooks aligned to school curriculum on the only app specifically designed for struggling readers, like students dealing with dyslexia, blindness or other learning differences.

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Author: Robert A. Baron, Nyla R. Publisher: Pearson; 13 edition. Publish date: October. View larger.